The most common forms of dismissal are howled, when the bowler hits the stumps directly with the ball, leg before wicket, when the batsman prevents the ball from hitting the stumps with his body instead of his bat, and caught,
when the batsman hits the ball into the air and it is intercepted by a
fielder before touching the ground. Runs are scored by two main methods:
either by hitting the ball hard enough for it to cross the boundary,
or by the two batsmen swapping ends by each simultaneously running the
length of the pitch in opposite directions whilst the fielders are
retrieving the ball. If a fielder retrieves the ball quickly enough to
put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that
end of the pitch, that batsman is dismissed (a run-out occurs). Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires.
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